Sannadkii 1873-kii, xisaabyahan British ah Maxwell waxa uu soo koobay isla'egta goobta korantada - Maxwell equation.Isla'egta waxay muujinaysaa in: korontadu ay soo saari karto dhul koronto, hadda waxa ay soo saari kartaa magnetic field, bedka korontaduna waxa ay sidoo kale soo saari kartaa magnetic, iyo goobta magnetka ee isbeddelaya ay soo saari karto dhul koronto, taas oo saadaalisa jiritaanka hirarka elektromagnetic.
Afar iyo toban sano ka dib, sannadkii 1887, physicist Jarmal Heinrich Hertz ayaa naqshadeeyay anteenadii ugu horreysay si uu u tijaabiyo jiritaanka hirarka korantada.Isgaarsiinta Wireless-ka waxay bilaabatay 1901-dii markii physicist Talyaani Gulimo Marconi uu isticmaalay anteeno weyn si uu ula xiriiro baddaha.
Shaqada aasaasiga ah ee anteenada: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in loogu beddelo tamarta soo noqnoqota ee hadda jirta (ama hirka la hagayo) ee mowjadda raadiyaha oo u gudbisa meel bannaan iyadoo loo eegayo qaybinta hore loo sii go'aamiyay.Marka loo isticmaalo helitaanka, waxay tamarta hirarka raadiyaha ka beddeshaa meel bannaan oo u beddesha tamar joogto ah oo joogto ah (ama hir la hagayo).
Sidaa darteed, anteenada waxaa loo tixgelin karaa inay tahay mawjada la hagayo iyo qalabka beddelka hirarka shucaaca, waa aalad beddelka tamarta.
Anteenada faa'iido
Sifada muhiimka ah ee anteenada, oo ka madax banaan in loo isticmaalo gudbinta ama qaadashada, waa faa'iidada anteenada.
Qaar ka mid ah ilaha anteenooyinka ayaa si siman u iftiiminaya tamarta jihooyinka oo dhan, waxaana nooca shucaaca loo yaqaan 'isotropic radiation'.Waxay la mid tahay qorraxdu tamar dhan walba u soo ifaysa.Fogaan go'an, tamarta cadceedda lagu cabiro xagal kasta waxay ahaan doontaa qiyaas ahaan isku mid.Sidaa darteed, qorraxdu waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay hiitarka isotropic.
Dhammaan anteenooyinka kale waxay leeyihiin faa'iido ka soo horjeeda hiitarka isotropic.Anteenooyinka qaarkood waa jihada, taas oo ah, tamar badan ayaa lagu kala qaadaa jihooyinka qaarkood marka loo eego kuwa kale.Saamiga u dhexeeya tamarta ku faafinaysa jihooyinkan iyo tamarta anteenadu aanay jihada u faafin waxa loo yaqaan faa'iidada.Marka anteenada gudbinta leh faa'iido gaar ah loo isticmaalo anteeno helaysa, waxay sidoo kale yeelan doontaa faa'iido la mid ah.
Qaabka anteenada
Inta badan anteenooyinku waxay sii daayaan shucaac ka badan jihada kale, shucaaca sidan oo kale ah waxa loo yaqaan shucaaca anisotropic.
Jiheynta anteenada waxaa loola jeedaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya qiimaha qaraabada ah ee goobta shucaaca anteenada iyo jihada boosaska ee hoos timaada xaalad isku mid ah oo ka jirta gobolka fog.Awoodda fog ee anteenada waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sida
Halkee, waa shaqada jihada, ka madax banaan fogaanta iyo hadda anteenada;Waa xagal azimuth iyo xagal garoon siday u kala horreeyaan;Ma nambarka mawjada waana dhererka hirarka.
Hawsha jihaynta waxa lagu matalaa garaaf ahaan sida garaaf jihaynta anteenada.Si loo fududeeyo sawirka diyaaradda, sawirka guud ee labada jihooyin diyaaradeed ee orthogonal.
Hannaanka anteenada waa tusaale garaaf ahaan qaybinta anteenada tamarta shucaaca ah.Iyadoo ku xiran codsiga, anteenooyinku waa inay helaan calaamadaha hal dhinac oo kaliya ee maaha inay helaan kuwa kale (tusaale anteenooyinka TV-ga, anteenooyinka radar), dhinaca kale, anteenooyinka baabuurku waa inay awoodaan inay helaan calaamadaha dhammaan jihooyinka gudbinta ee suurtogalka ah.
Jiheynta la rabo waxaa lagu gaaraa habka farsamada iyo korantada ee anteenada.Jiho gaar ah ayaa tilmaanta helista ama gudbinta anteenada jiho gaar ah.
Laba nooc oo garaafyo kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sawiro jihaynta anteenada - isku-duwayaasha kartiyaanka iyo polar-ka.Garaafka cirifka, barta ayaa lagu dul saadalinayaa diyaarada isku dubaridka ah ee ku teedsan dhidibka wareegta (radius), waxaana la cabbiraa garaafka polar ee shucaaca.Sida ka muuqata sawirka hoose.
Haddii qiimaha ugu badan ee garaafka hanuuninta boosku uu le'eg yahay 1, garaafka hanuuninta waxaa loo yaqaan garaafka hanuuninta caadiga ah, shaqada hanuuninta u dhigmana waxaa loogu yeeraa shaqada hanuuninta caadiga ah.Emax waa xoojinta goobta korantada ee jihada shucaaca ugu badan, halka ay tahay xoojinta goobta korantada ee jihada isku fogaanta.
Jaantuska jihada xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya cufnaanta awoodda iyo jihada shucaaca waxaa loo yaqaan jaantuska jihada awoodda.
Waqtiga boostada: Febraayo-14-2023
